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        Ãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà (Ñîäåðæàíèå)

   


Ïðàâîîáëàäàòåëÿì

Õèìèÿ: Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ âóçîâ.   Íèêîëüñêèé À.Á., Ñóâîðîâ À.Â.  

 

ÑÏá.: Õèìèçäàò, 2001. - 512ñ.

 ó÷åáíèêå íîâîãî òèïà, ðàññ÷èòàííîì ïðåæäå âñåãî íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî ìûøëåíèÿ ñòóäåíòîâ, ñèñòåìíî è òî÷íî è â òî æå âðåìÿ ÿñíî è äîñòóïíî èçëîæåí îãðîìíûé îáúåì ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåõèìè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé.

Íà ñîâðåìåííîì óðîâíå ðàññìîòðåíî ó÷åíèå î õèìè÷åñêîì ïðîöåññå ñ àêöåíòîì íà ìåõàíèçì ðåàêöèè. Ïðîñëåæåíà âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó ýëåêòðîííûì ñòðîåíèåì è õèìè÷åñêèì ïîâåäåíèåì âåùåñòâ. Ëîãè÷íîñòü è ïîïóëÿðíîñòü èçëîæåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà, îðèãèíàëüíîñòü êîíòðîëüíûõ âîïðîñîâ, äîñòóïíîñòü èëëþñòðàöèé ñïîñîáñòâóþò óñâîåíèþ õèìè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé è ðàçâèòèþ íàó÷íîãî ìûøëåíèÿ.

Ïðåäíàçíà÷åí ñòóäåíòàì âóçîâ, ó÷àùèìñÿ ñðåäíèõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé, áóäåò ïîëåçåí ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿì âóçîâ è ó÷èòåëÿì øêîë. 

 

 

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ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
Ïðåäèñëîâèå
                                                                                                               11

×àñòü ïåðâàÿ. ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀ
Ãëàâà 1. ÀÒÎÌÍÎ-ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÀß ÒÅÎÐÈß
                                             13

1.1.        Îñíîâíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ                                                                                  13

1.2.        Ìîëü                                                                                                                  15

1.3.        Çàêîíû ñòåõèîìåòðèè                                                                                       17

1.4.        ßçûê õèìèè                                                                                                        18

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 20

Ãëàâà 2. ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ ÀÒÎÌÀ                                                                               20

2.1.  ßäðî è ýëåêòðîíû                                                                                               20

2.2.  Àòîìíûé íîìåð ýëåìåíòà. Èçîòîïû                                                                21

2.3.  ßäåðíàÿ ìîäåëü àòîìà                                                                                        23

2.4.  Âîëíîâûå ñâîéñòâà ýëåêòðîíà                                                                          25

2.5.  Êâàíòîâî-ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü àòîìà                                                             26

2.6.  Îäíîýëåêòðîííûé àòîì. Êâàíòîâûå ÷èñëà                                                     27

2.7.  Ìíîãîýëåêòðîííûå àòîìû                                                                                 33

2.8.  Ýëåêòðîííàÿ êîíôèãóðàöèÿ àòîìà                                                                    34

2.9.  Ýëåêòðîîòðèöàòåëüíîñòü                                                                                   40

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 40

Ãëàâà 3. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÂßÇÜ                                                                         42

3.1.       Ýíåðãèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè                                                                                42

3.2.       Ïðèðîäà õèìè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè                                                                               42

3.3.       Òèïû õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé                                                                                   44

3.4.       Ìåòîä ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ îðáèòàëåé                                                                       45

3.5.       Ìåòîä âàëåíòíûõ ñâÿçåé                                                                                    52

3.6.       Õèìè÷åñêàÿ ñâÿçü â ìíîãîàòîìíûõ ìîëåêóëàõ                                                57

3.7.       Äîíîðíî-àêöåïòîðíàÿ ñâÿçü                                                                              62

3.8.       Êîîðäèíàöèîííûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ                                                                        63

3.9.  Êîîðäèíàöèîííàÿ òåîðèÿ                                                                                64

3.10. Íîìåíêëàòóðà êîìïëåêñíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé                                                     66
Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû
                                                                                            67

×àñòü âòîðàÿ. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ

Ãëàâà 4. ×ÒÎ ÒÀÊÎÅ ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ                                        68

4.1.  Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèÿ                                                                 68

4.2.  Ãîìîãåííûå è ãåòåðîãåííûå ñèñòåìû                                                            70

4.3.  Óñëîâèÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ñèñòåì                                                                      71

4.4.  Ôàçîâûå ðàâíîâåñèÿ âåùåñòâ                                                                          72

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû  74

Ãëàâà 5. ÃÀÇÎÂÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ                                                                         74

5.1.        Ãàçîâûå çàêîíû. Èäåàëüíûé ãàç                                                                      74

5.2.        Èäåàëüíàÿ ñìåñü ãàçîâ                                                                                      76

5.3.        Ðåàëüíûå ãàçû                                                                                                   77

5.4.        Îïðåäåëåíèå ìîëåêóëÿðíûõ ìàññ ãàçîâ                                                          78

5.5.        Õèìè÷åñêèå ðåàêöèè â ãàçîâîé ôàçå                                                               79

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû  79

Ãëàâà 6. ÒÂÅÐÄÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ                                                                         80

6.1.       Òâåðäîå àãðåãàòíîå ñîñòîÿíèå                                                                         80

6.2.       Êðèñòàëëè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå âåùåñòâà                                                            81

6.3.       Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè â êðèñòàëëàõ                                                                      84

6.4.       Ýëåêòðîííîå ñòðîåíèå êðèñòàëëîâ                                                                 87

6.5.       Îáùèå ñâîéñòâà êðèñòàëëîâ. Èçîìîðôèçì. Òâåðäûå ðàñòâîðû                   90

6.6.       Ðåàëüíûå êðèñòàëëû. Òâåðäûå ôàçû ïåðåìåííîãî ñîñòàâà                          92

6.7. Àìîðôíûå òåëà è ñòåêëà                                                                                 93

6.8. Òâåðäîôàçíûå õèìè÷åñêèå ðåàêöèè                                                                         94

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû  95

Ãëàâà 7. ÆÈÄÊÈÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ                                                                          96

7.1 . Îáëàñòü æèäêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ                                                                          96

7.2.  Æèäêèå ðàñòâîðû                                                                                              97

7.3.  Ðàñòâîðåíèå è ðàñòâîðèìîñòü                                                                         100

7.4.  Îáùèå ñâîéñòâà ðàñòâîðîâ                                                                              102

7.5.  Îñîáåííîñòè õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé â æèäêèõ ñèñòåìàõ                                106

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû       106

Ãëàâà 8. ÄÈÑÏÅÐÑÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ                                                   107

8.1.        Êîëëîèäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå âåùåñòâà                                                                    107

8.2.        Ïîâåðõíîñòíûé ñëîé è ïîâåðõíîñòíûå ÿâëåíèÿ                                           109

8.3.        Äâîéíîé ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ñëîé è ýëåêòðîêèíåòè÷åñêèå ÿâëåíèÿ                114

8.4.        Óñòîé÷èâîñòü äèñïåðñíûõ ñèñòåì                                                                  116

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû       118

×àñòü òðåòüÿ. Ó×ÅÍÈÅ Î ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÌ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÅ

Ãëàâà 9. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÐÅÂÐÀÙÅÍÈß È ÈÕ                                          119

ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ

9.1. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé                                                             119

9.2.  Îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå è îáìåííûå ðåàêöèè                            121

9.3.  Óñëîâèÿ ïðîòåêàíèÿ ðåàêöèé                                                                          125

9.4.  Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêèå è êèíåòè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåàêöèè                   125

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû       127

Ãëàâà 10. ÒÅÐÌÎÄÈÍÀÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÏÎÄÕÎÄ Ê ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÌ ÐÅÀÊÖÈßÌ  127

10.1.         Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêîé òåðìîäèíàìèêè             127

10.2.         Ïåðâîå íà÷àëî òåðìîäèíàìèêè. Ýíòàëüïèÿ                                                 130

10.3.         Òåðìîõèìèÿ. Çàêîí Ãåññà                                                                               131

10.4.         Âòîðîå è òðåòüå íà÷àëà òåðìîäèíàìèêè. Ýíòðîïèÿ                                    135

10.5.         Ýíåðãèÿ Ãèááñà è íàïðàâëåíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà                              139

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû.         141

Ãëàâà 11. ÊÈÍÅÒÈÊÀ È ÌÅÕÀÍÈÇÌÛ ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÐÅÀÊÖÈÉ   141

11.1.       Ïîíÿòèå î ñêîðîñòè è ìåõàíèçìå õèìè÷åñêîé ðåàêöèè                              141

11.2.       Âëèÿíèå òåìïåðàòóðû íà ñêîðîñòü ðåàêöèé. Ýíåðãèÿ àêòèâàöèè             145

11.3.       Ðîëü ñèììåòðèè îðáèòàëåé ïðè ñòîëêíîâåíèè ðåàãåíòîâ                         148

11.4.       Îïðåäåëåíèå ìåõàíèçìîâ ðåàêöèé                                                               149

11.5.       Öåïíûå ðåàêöèè                                                                                              151

11.6.       Ðåàêöèè â ðàñòâîðàõ                                                                                       153

11.7.       Ãåòåðîãåííûå ðåàêöèè                                                                                   154

11.8.       Êàòàëèç                                                                                                            155

11.9.       Ãîìîãåííûé êàòàëèç                                                                                       157

11.10.          Ãåòåðîãåííûé êàòàëèç                                                                                  159

11.11.          Âëèÿíèå ñâåòà íà ñêîðîñòü ðåàêöèé. Ôîòîõèìèÿ                                      160

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû           163

Ãëàâà 12. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÐÀÂÍÎÂÅÑÈÅ                                      163

12.1.         Îáðàòèìûå è íåîáðàòèìûå õèìè÷åñêèå ðåàêöèè                                       163

12.2.         Õèìè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå. Êèíåòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä                                         166

12.3.         Õèìè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå. Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä                               169

12.4.         Êîíñòàíòà õèìè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ                                                             171

12.5.         Ñìåùåíèå õèìè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ                                                             174

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû         177

×àñòü ÷åòâåðòàÿ. ÐÀÑÒÂÎÐÛ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎËÈÒÎÂ

Ãëàâà 13. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÐÀÑÒÂÎÐΠÝËÅÊÒÐÎËÈÒΠ              178

13.1.         Ýëåêòðîëèòû è ýëåêòðîëèç                                                                            178

13.2.         Òåîðèÿ ýëåêòðîëèòè÷åñêîé äèññîöèàöèè                                                     180

13.3.         Êîíñòàíòà äèññîöèàöèè                                                                                181

13.4.         Ãèäðàòàöèÿ èîíîâ â ðàñòâîðå                                                                        183

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû.         185

Ãëàâà 14. ÊÈÑËÎÒÛ È ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈß                                              185

14.1.       Òåîðèÿ êèñëîò è îñíîâàíèé Àððåíèóñà                                                        185

14.2.       Ïðîòîííàÿ òåîðèÿ êèñëîò è îñíîâàíèé                                                        186

14.3.       Îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ñèë à êèñëîò                                                                          187

14.4.         Êèñëîòíûå ñâîéñòâà àêâàêîìïëåêñîâ                                                            189

14.5.         Êèñëîòû è îñíîâàíèÿ Ëüþèñà                                                                       190

14.6.         Èîííîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå âîäû. Âîäîðîäíûé ïîêàçàòåëü                               190

14.7.         Èíäèêàòîðû                                                                                                      192

14.8.         Ðåàêöèè íåéòðàëèçàöèè è ãèäðîëèçà                     193

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû    197

Ãëàâà 15. ÎÁÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÐÅÀÊÖÈÈ Â ÐÀÑÒÂÎÐÀÕ                                                          197

 15.1.       Îáðàçîâàíèå îñàäêîâ. Ïðîèçâåäåíèå ðàñòâîðèìîñòè                                 198

15.2.       Ðåàêöèè ñ ãàçîâûäåëåíèåì                                                                             199

15.3.       Êîìïëåêñîîáðàçîâàíèå. Êîíñòàíòû óñòîé÷èâîñòè è íåñòîéêîñòè 201 êîìïëåêñîâ

15.4.       Ðåàêöèè îáìåíà è Êîìïëåêñîîáðàçîâàíèå                                                   202

15.5.  Ðàñòâîðèìîñòü è Êîìïëåêñîîáðàçîâàíèå                                                     203
Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû.
                                                                                           204
Ãëàâà 16. ÎÊÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÎ-ÂÎÑÑÒÀÍÎÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÐÅÀÊÖÈÈ      205

16.1.       Îêèñëèòåëè è âîññòàíîâèòåëè                                                                       205

16.2.       Óðàâíåíèÿ îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ðåàêöèé                             206

16.3.       Íàïðàâëåíèå îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ðåàêöèé                         207

16.4.       Ñèëà îêèñëèòåëåé è âîññòàíîâèòåëåé. Ñòàíäàðòíûå 210 âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ïîòåíöèàëû

16.5.       Ïðîäóêòû îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ðåàêöèé                                213

16.6.       Ó÷àñòèå ðàñòâîðèòåëÿ â îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè       216

16.7.  Ýëåêòðîõèìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû                                                                       217
Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû
                                                                                             223

×àñòü ïÿòàÿ. ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÇÀÊÎÍ

Ãëàâà 1 7. ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÇÀÊÎÍÀ                          224

17. 1 . Èñòîðèÿ îòêðûòèÿ                                                                                         224

17.2.         Ñîäåðæàíèå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî çàêîíà                                                             226

17.3.         Ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà                                                                                   228

17.4.         Èñïðàâëåíèå àòîìíûõ ìàññ                                                                           230

17.5.         Ïðåäñêàçàíèå íîâûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è èõ ñâîéñòâ                                               231

17.6.         Ñòðîåíèå àòîìà è ïåðèîäè÷åñêèé çàêîí                                                       233

17.7.         Èçìåíåíèÿ ñâîéñòâ ýëåìåíòîâ â ãðóïïàõ è ïåðèîäàõ 235

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû          239

Ãëàâà 18. ÕÈÌÈß s-ÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠ                                                                     240

 18.1.         Âîäîðîä                                                                                                            240

18.2.         Âîäà                                                                                                                   243

18.3.         Ýëåìåíòû 1-é ãðóïïû. Íàòðèé                                                                      244

18.4.         Ýëåìåíòû 2-é ãðóïïû. Êàëüöèé                            246

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû    248

Ãëàâà 19. ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÕÈÌÈÈ ð-ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÎÂ. ÊÈÑËÎÐÎÄ        248

19.1.       Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ð-ýëåìåíòîâ                                                               248

19.2.       Õèìè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà êèñëîðîäà                                                                   251

19.3.       Îêñèäû                                                                                                             254

19.4.         Ïåðîêñèäû è ñóïåðîêñèäû                                                                            256

19.5.         Ñîåäèíåíèÿ êèñëîðîäà â ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ñòåïåíÿõ îêèñëåíèÿ           257

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû         258

Ãëàâà 20. ÕÈÌÈß ÕËÎÐÀ                                                                   258

20.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòîå âåùåñòâî                                                                        258

20.2.  Õëîðîâîäîðîä                                                                                                 259

20.3.  Êèñëîðîäíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ õëîðà                                                                   260

20.4.  Ïîâåäåíèå ñîåäèíåíèé õëîðà â âîäíûõ ðàñòâîðàõ                                     261

20.5.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà 17-é ãðóïïû                                                             265

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 267

Ãëàâà 21. ÕÈÌÈß ÑÅÐÛ                                                                                    267

21.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòîå âåùåñòâî                                                                        267

21.2.  Ñåðîâîäîðîä                                                                                                   268

21.3.  Îêñèäû ñåðû                                                                                                   269

21.4.  Êèñëîòû ñåðû                                                                                                 271

21.5.  Ãàëîãåíèäû ñåðû                                                                                            275

21.6.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýëåìåíòîâ 16-é ãðóïïû                                          275

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 277

Ãëàâà 22. ÕÈÌÈß ÔÎÑÔÎÐÀ                                                                           277

22.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòîå âåùåñòâî                                                                        277

22.2.  Ôîñôîðèñòûé âîäîðîä                                                                                  279

22.3.  Îêñèäû ôîñôîðà                                                                                             280

22.4.  Êèñëîòû ôîñôîðà                                                                                           281

22.5.  Ãàëîãåíèäû ôîñôîðà                                                                                      284

22.6.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýëåìåíòîâ 15-é ãðóïïû                                          284

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû         286

Ãëàâà 23. ÕÈÌÈß ÀÇÎÒÀ                                                                   287

23.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòîå âåùåñòâî                                                                        287

23.2.  Àììèàê                                                                                                            288

23.3.  Îêñèäû àçîòà                                                                                                  292

23.4.  Êèñëîòû àçîòà                                                                                                296

23.5.  Îêèñëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ðåàêöèè ñîåäèíåíèé àçîòà â ðàñòâîðàõ

23.6. Ãàëîãåíèäû àçîòà                                                                                           301
Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû
                                                                                           302
Ãëàâà 24. ÕÈÌÈß ÓÃËÅÐÎÄÀ                                                                          302

24.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòûå âåùåñòâà                                                                        302

24.2.  Ìåòàí                                                                                                              305

24.3.  Îêñèäû óãëåðîäà                                                                                            306

24.4.  Êèñëîòû óãëåðîäà                                                                                          309

24.5.  Ãàëîãåíèäû óãëåðîäà                                                                                     312

24.6.  Öèàí è ñèíèëüíàÿ êèñëîòà                                                                            313

24.7.  Êàðáèäû                                                                                                          313

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 314

Ãëàâà 25. ÕÈÌÈß ÁÎÐÀ                                                                                     314

25.1.  Ýëåìåíò è ïðîñòîå âåùåñòâî                                                                         314

25.2.  Ñîåäèíåíèÿ áîðà ñ âîäîðîäîì                                                                      316

25.3.  Îêñèä áîðà è áîðíàÿ êèñëîòà                                                                        318

25.4.  Ãàëîãåíèäû áîðà                                                                                             320

25.5.  Íèòðèä áîðà                                                                                                    320

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 321

Ãëàâà 26. ð-ÌÅÒÀËËÛ                                                                                        321

26.1.  Àëþìèíèé                                                                                                       321

26.2.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýëåìåíòîâ 13-é ãðóïïû                                           324

26.3.  Îëîâî è ñâèíåö                                                                                              326

26.4.  Âèñìóò                                                                                                             329

26.5.  Õèìèÿ âîäíûõ ðàñòâîðîâ ñîåäèíåíèé ýëåêòðîííî-äåôèöèòíûõ              330 ýëåìåíòîâ

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû.                                                                                           332

Ãëàâà 27. ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ ÊÎÎÐÄÈÍÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÉ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÍÛÕ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÎÂ

27.1.  Ñòðîåíèå àòîìîâ d-ýëåìåíòîâ                                                                      332

27.2.  Õèìè÷åñêàÿ ñâÿçü â êîîðäèíàöèîííûõ ñîåäèíåíèÿõ                                 334

27.3.  Êîìïëåêñû ñèëüíîãî è ñëàáîãî ïîëÿ                                                            337

27.4.  Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êîìïëåêñîâ è ðîëü ïîëÿ ëèãàíäîâ             339

27.5.  Èçîìåðèÿ êîìïëåêñíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé                                                            341

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 343

Ãëàâà 28. ÕÈÌÈß Çñ1-ÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠ                                                              343

28.1.  Òèòàí                                                                                                                343

28.2.  Õðîì                                                                                                                 347

28.3.  Ìàðãàíåö                                                                                                         350

28.4.  Æåëåçî                                                                                                             354

28.5.  Ìåäü                                                                                                                 360

28.6.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýëåìåíòîâ ïåðâîãî ïåðåõîäíîãî ðÿäà                   362

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 366

Ãëàâà 29. ÕÈÌÈß 4d- È 5ñ1-ÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠ                                                    366

29.1.  Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ýëåìåíòîâ âòîðîãî è òðåòüåãî ïåðåõîäíûõ ðÿäîâ

29.2.  Ìåòàëë-êëàñòåðû                                                                                            369

29.3.  Ïîëèÿäåðíûå ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Èçî- è ãåòåðîïîëèàíèîíû                               371

29.4. Ìåòàëëîêîìïëåêñíûé êàòàëèç                                                                      373
Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû
                                                                                            376
Ãëàâà 30. ÕÈÌÈß ÀÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠ                                                                  376

30.1.  Ëàíòàíîèäû                                                                                                    376

30.2.  Àêòèíîèäû                                                                                                      382

30.3.  Õèìèÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ                                                                386

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû 394

×àñòü øåñòàÿ. ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÕÈÌÈß

Ãëàâà 31. ÓÃËÅÂÎÄÎÐÎÄÛ                                                                               396

31.1.  Ïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû                                                                             396

31.2.  Ñâîéñòâà ïðåäåëüíûõ óãëåâîäîðîäîâ                                                           399

31.3.  Íåïðåäåëüíûå óãëåâîäîðîäû                                                                          401

31.4.  Öèêëè÷åñêèå óãëåâîäîðîäû                                                                             405

31.5.  Àðîìàòè÷åñêèå óãëåâîäîðîäû                                406

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   409

Ãëàâà 32. ÃÀËÎÃÅÍÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÍÛÅ                                       409

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   411

Ãëàâà 33. ÊÈÑËÎÐÎÄÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÙÈÅ ÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß                                              411

33.1.  Ñïèðòû è ôåíîëû                                                                                             411

33.2.  Ïðîñòûå ýôèðû                                                                                                416

33.3.  Àëüäåãèäû è êåòîíû                                                                                        417

33.4.  Êàðáîíîâûå êèñëîòû                                                                                      420

33.5.  Ñëîæíûå ýôèðû, æèðû, ìàñëà                                                                        423

33.6.  Óãëåâîäû                                                                   425

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   428

Ãëàâà 34. ÀÇÎÒÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÙÈÅ ÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß                                                          429

34.1.  Àìèíû                                                                                                              429

34.2.  Àìèíîêèñëîòû. Áåëêè                                             432

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   434

Ãëàâà 35. ÂÛÑÎÊÎÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÛÅ ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß             435

35.1.  Ðåàêöèè ïîëèìåðèçàöèè                                                                                 43 5

35.2.  Ðåàêöèè ïîëèêîíäåíñàöèè                                     439

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   440

×àñòü ñåäüìàÿ. ÈÄÅÍÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂ

Ãëàâà 36. ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ                                                                   441

36.1.  Âèäû àíàëèçà                                                                                                    441

36.2.  ×èñòîòà âåùåñòâà                                                                                             442

36.3.  Îòáîð è ïîäãîòîâêà ïðîá                                                                                443

36.4.  Ðàçäåëåíèå êîìïîíåíòîâ ñìåñè                                                                      445

36.5.  Ïåðâè÷íûå èñïûòàíèÿ è âûáîð ñõåìû àíàëèçà                                           449

36.6.  Íåîðãàíè÷åñêèé êà÷åñòâåííûé àíàëèç                                                         450

36.7.  Êîëè÷åñòâåííûé àíàëèç                                                                                  453

36.8.  Èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûå ìåòîäû àíàëèçà                                                               455

36.9.  Èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé           459.

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû   462

Ãëàâà 37. ÔÈÇÈÊÎ-ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈß ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂ

37.1.  Ñïåêòðîñêîïèÿ                                                                                                  463

37.2.  Èíôðàêðàñíàÿ ñïåêòðîñêîïèÿ                                                                         466

37.3.  Óëüòðàôèîëåòîâàÿ è âèäèìàÿ ñïåêòðîñêîïèÿ                                               467

37.4.  ßäåðíûé ìàãíèòíûé ðåçîíàíñ                                                                       469

37.5. Êâàíòîâî-õèìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷åòû                                                                    471

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû                                                                                           473

×àñòü âîñüìàÿ. ÕÈÌÈß Â ÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ È ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ

Ãëàâà 38. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÛ ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒ            474
38.1.  Ìåòàëëóðãèÿ                                                                                                   474

38.2.  Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ñåðíîé êèñëîòû                                                                     481

38.3.  Ïðîèçâîäñòâî àçîòíîé êèñëîòû                                                                    483

38.4.  Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ãèäðîêñèäà íàòðèÿ è õëîðà                                                   483

38.5.  Ïðîáëåìû áåçîòõîäíûõ òåõíîëîãèé                                                             484

38.6.  Ïðîìûøëåííûé îðãàíè÷åñêèé ñèíòåç                                                         486

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû         489

Ãëàâà 39. ÕÈÌÈß È ÝÊÎËÎÃÈß                                                                              490

39. 1 . Õèìè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ýêîëîãèè                                                                  490

39.2.  Âîäîî÷èñòêà                                                                                                       492

39.3.  Çàãðÿçíåíèå àòìîñôåðû                                                                                 495

39.4.  Ïðîáëåìû ðàäèîýêîëîãèè                                                                             498

Êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû                                                                                               500

Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü                                                                                              501

Ðåêîìåíäóåìàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà                                                                                     512

 

 


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